A spherical shell has an inner radius of 3.7 cm and an outer radius of 4.5 cm. If charge is distributed uniformly throughout the shell with a volume density of 6.1 × 10−4 C/m 3 the total charge is:

The total charge of the shell is about 1.034 10^{-7} Coulombs

In order to find the actual volume of the spherical shell (V_s), we estimate the volume of the sphere with larger radius R, and subtract from it the volume of the sphere with smaller radius r:

Now, in order to find the shell’s total charge, we multiply its volume times the volume charge density of the shell (6.1\,\,10^{-4}\,\frac{C}{m^3}):

i'm thinking more like energy

what experimental evidence led scientists to change from the previous model to this one?

a few of the positive particles aimed at a gold foil seemed to bounce back.

the colors of light emitted from heated atoms had very specific energies.

experiments with water vapor showed that elements combine in specific proportions.

cathode rays were bent in the same way whenever a magnet was brought near them.