What is unusual about the results of mass determinations of clusters of galaxies?

The intensity of a polarized electromagnetic wave is 12 w/m^2. part a) what will be the intensity after passing through a polarizing filter whose axis makes the angle θ=0∘ with the plane of polarization? part b) what will be the intensity after passing through a polarizing filter whose axis makes the angle θ=30∘ with the plane of polarization? part c) what will be the intensity after passing through a polarizing filter whose axis makes the angle θ=45∘ with the plane of polarization? part d) what will be the intensity after passing through a polarizing filter whose axis makes the angle θ=60∘ with the plane of polarization? part e) what will be the intensity after passing through a polarizing filter whose axis makes the angle θ=90∘ with the plane of polarization?

What are two different ways you could find the value of a? explain these methods.

The california mussel (mytilus californianus) attaches itself to a rock or other solid surface with a bundle of filaments known as the byssus. imagine that 15.0 j of work is done to stretch the distal end of the byssus. it releases 10.8 j of thermal energy as it relaxes. what is the resilience of the distal end of the byssus?