một cái cây mọc thẳng đứng ở bờ ao. Cây cao 1.2m, gốc cây cách mặt nước 50m. Một người quan sát ảnh của vật thì ngọn cây cách ảnh của nó là bao nhiêu?

whichever one it is, it's definitely not one that you included on the list you provided.

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia

the components of a vector are the parts of the vectors that are to each other.

b perpendicular