The Crawford model calculates the cloudy-sky emissivity based on the solar index as described in Equations (3.7.9) and (3.7.10) in the textbook. Describe how and why clouds change the incoming longwave radiation compared to clear-sky conditions (i. e. increase/decrease). In theory, what is the maximum possible cloudy-sky emissivity based on the Crawford model

The nuclear potential that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is often approximated by a square well. imagine a proton conned in an innite square well of length 105 nm, a typical nuclear diameter. calculate the wavelength and energy associated with the photon that is emitted when the proton undergoes a transition from the rst excited state (n 2) to the ground state (n 1). in what region of the electromagnetic spectrum does this wavelength belong?