An apple, potato, and onion all taste the same if you eat them with your nose plugged

Which one of the following research methods can show cause and effect

When you jump from an elevated position you usually bend your knees upon reaching the ground. by doing this, you make the time of the impact about 10 times as great as for a stiff-legged landing. in this way the average force your body experiences is a) less than 1/10 as great. b) more than 1/10 as great. c) about 1/10 as great.d) about 10 times as great.

During which interval are the persons represented by the graph not moving? a) 0 to 0.5 hrs b) 1.5 to 2 hrs c) 2 to 2.5 hrs d) 4.5 to 5 hrs