14. Find the order of magnitude of the following physical quantities. (a) The mass of Earth’s atmosphere: 5.1 × 10 18 kg; (b) The mass of the Moon’s atmosphere: 25,000 kg; (c) The mass of Earth’s hydrosphere: 1.4 × 10 21 kg; (d) The mass of Earth: 5.97 × 10 24 kg; (e) The mass of the Moon: 7.34 × 10 22 kg; (f) The Earth–Moon distance (semimajor axis): 3.84 × 10 8 m; (g) The mean Earth–Sun distance: 1.5 × 10 11 m; (h) The equatorial radius of Earth: 6.38 × 10 6 m; (i) The mass of an electron: 9.11 × 10 −31 kg; (j) The mass of a proton: 1.67 × 10 −27 kg; (k) The mass of the Sun: 1.99 × 10 30 kg.

Arod of some material 0.20 m long elongates 0.20 mm on heating from 21 to 120°c. determine the value of the linear coefficient of thermal expansion [in (degrees c)^-1] for this material.

As part of an industrial process, air as an ideal gas at 10 bar, 400k expands at steady state through a valve to a pressure of 4 bar. the mass flow rate of air is 0.5 kg/s. the air then passes through a heat exchanger where it is cooled to a temperature of 295k with negligible change in pressure. the valve can be modeled as a throttling process, and kinetic and potential energy effects can be neglected. (a) for a control volume enclosing the valve and heat exchanger and enough of the local surroundings that the heat transfer occurs at the ambient temperature of 295 k, determine the rate of entropy production, in kw/k. (b) if the expansion valve were replaced by an adiabatic turbine operating isentropically, what would be the entropy production? compare the results of parts (a) and (b) and discuss.

The items in the following list are all units of matter. which is the smallest unit that retains the properties of the matter? a.) atom b.) compound c.) electron d.) element