How do we aquire knowledge in science?

Suppose that an electromagnetic wave which is linearly polarized along the x−axis is propagating in vacuum along the z−axis. the wave is incident on a conductor which is placed at z > 0 region of the space. the conductor has conductivity σ, magnetic permeability µ and electric permittivity ε. (a) find the characteristic time for the free charge density which dissipates at the conductor. (b) write the maxwell equations and derive the wave equation for a plane wave propagating in a conductor. (c) find the attenuation distance at which the incident amplitude reduces to e ^−1 of its initial value. (d) find the electric and magnetic fields inside the conductor. 8 (e) find the power loss per area of the incident electromagnetic wave at the surface of conductor.

Dc versus ac problem. suppose your dc power supply is set to 15 v and the vertical setting on the oscilloscope is at 5 v/div. how many divisions will the trace deflect if you connect the output of the power supply to the scope with the a input switch set on dc? how many divisions if the switch is on ac?

Ablock of mass m slides on a horizontal frictionless table with an initial speed v0 . it then compresses a spring of force constant k and is brought to rest. the acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2 . how much is the spring compressed x from its natural length?