Electromagnetic radiation is emitted by accelerating charges. The rate at which energy is emitted from an accelerating charge that has charge q and acceleration a is given by dE/dt=q2a2/6πϵ0c3,
where c is the speed of light.
(a) If a proton with a kinetic energy of 5.0 MeV is travelling in a particle accelerator in a circular orbit with a radius of 0.540 m, what fraction of its energy does it radiate per second?
(b) Consider an electron orbiting with the same speed and radius. What fraction of its energy does it radiate per second?

answer: the exterior temperature of commercial jet planes as they leave the stratosphere and return to the ground increases steadily.

explanation:

the lower most layer of atmosphere is troposphere which extends from 0 to 12 km above the surface of the earth. the temperature initially decreases as distance is increased from the earth's surface. commercial jets fly in lower part of the stratosphere. the stratosphere extends upto 50 km. the temperature in stratosphere starts rising again due to presence of ozone which traps the uv rays.

thus, when the planes leave the stratosphere and return to the ground, the exterior temperature increases steadily.

a skateboard rolling across the street - apex

the components of a vector are the parts of the vectors that are to each other.

b perpendicular