Why do different latitudes have different temperatures?

Latitude or distance from the equator. Temperatures drop the further an area is from the equator due to the curvature of the earth. In areas closer to the poles, sunlight has a larger area of atmosphere to pass through and the sun is at a lower angle in the sky.
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Latitude affects the angle at which insolation from the sun strikes the Earth's surface. Example towards the poles of the Earth, there will be a smaller angle and the insolation is able to diffuse or spread over an area as it reaches the ground. However at the equator, the insolation reaching the Earth is concentrated over a small area due to the large angle, almost perpendicular to the Earth's surface. The smaller angle results in lower temperatures since the heat is spread over a larger surface and vice-versa for a larger angle. Hope this helps.