How does an atom change it for all of its electrons are removed

Aparticle moves according to a law of motion s = f(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 12, where t is measured in seconds and s in feet. f(t) = cos(πt/6) (a) find the velocity at time t (in ft/s).

The force acting on a beam was measured under the same operating conditions and a sample of 5 data points was collected. this process was repeated by 3 observers. the pooled standard deviations of these 3 data sets was 1.21. determine the true mean force using all pooled data (with a 95% probability). the result should look like this: true mean = mean +/- margin of error

The air that we breath is made mostly of which gaseous molecule