What is the formula that describes the magnitude of impulse on an object?

Option C.

Impulse = mass × change in velocity

Explanation:

Impulse is defined by the following the following formula:

Impulse = force (F) × time (t)

Impulse = Ft

From Newton's second law of motion,

Force = change in momentum /time

Cross multiply

Force × time = change in momentum

Recall:

Impulse = Force × time

Thus,

Impulse = change in momentum

Recall:

Momentum = mass x velocity

Momentum = mv

Chang in momentum = mass × change in velocity

Change in momentum = mΔv

Thus,

Impulse = change in momentum

Impulse = mass × change in velocity

their crystal patterns have been disrupted by stress

that would be because of both gravity and friction. so     c