A puck of mass 0.110 kg slides across ice in the positive x-direction with a kinetic friction coefficient between the ice and puck of 0.167. If the puck is moving at an initial speed of 15.0 m/s, find the following. (a) What is the force of kinetic friction? (Indicate the direction with the sign of your answer.)
N
(b) What is the acceleration of the puck? (Indicate the direction with the sign of your answer.)
m/s2
(c) How long does it take for the puck to come to rest?
s
(d) What distance does the puck travel during that time?
m
(e) What total work does friction do on the puck?
J
(f) What average power does friction generate in the puck during that time?
W
(g) What instantaneous power does friction generate in the puck when the velocity is 4.00 m/s?
W

a) Ffr = -0.18 N

b) a= -1.64 m/s2

c) t = 9.2 s

d) x = 68.7 m.

e) W= -12.4 J

f) Pavg = -1.35 W

g) Pinst = -0.72 W

Explanation:

a)

While the puck slides across ice, the only force acting in the horizontal direction, is the force of kinetic friction.This force is the horizontal component of the contact force, and opposes to the relative movement between the puck and the ice surface, causing it to slow down until it finally comes to a complete stop.So, this force can be written as follows, indicating with the (-) that opposes to the movement of the object.

       

       where μk is the kinetic friction coefficient, and Fn is the normal force.

Since the puck is not accelerated in the vertical direction, and there are only two forces acting on it vertically (the normal force Fn, upward, and  the weight Fg, downward), we conclude that both must be equal and opposite each other:

     

We can replace (2) in (1), and substituting μk by its value, to find the value of the kinetic friction force, as follows:

       

b)

According Newton's 2nd Law, the net force acting on the object is equal to its mass times the acceleration.In this case, this net force is the friction force which we have already found in a).Since mass is an scalar, the acceleration must have the same direction as the force, i.e., points to the left.We can write the expression for a as follows:

       

c)

Applying the definition of acceleration, choosing t₀ =0, and that the puck comes to rest, so vf=0, we can write the following equation:

       

Replacing by the values of v₀ = 15 m/s, and a = -1.64 m/s2, we can solve for t, as follows:

       

d)

From (1), (2), and (3) we can conclude that the friction force is constant, which it means that the acceleration is constant too.So, we can use the following kinematic equation in order to find the displacement before coming to rest:

       

Since the puck comes to a stop, vf =0.Replacing in (7) the values of v₀ = 15 m/s, and a= -1.64 m/s2, we can solve for the displacement Δx, as follows:

       

e)

The total work done by the friction force on the object , can be obtained in several ways.One of them is just applying the work-energy theorem, that says that the net work done on the object is equal to the change in the kinetic energy of the same object.Since the final kinetic energy is zero (the object stops), the total work done by friction (which is the only force that does work, because the weight and the normal force are perpendicular to the displacement) can be written as follows:

f)

By definition, the average power is the rate of change of the energy delivered to an object (in J) with respect to time.If we choose t₀=0, replacing (9) as ΔE, and (6) as Δt, and we can write the following equation:

       

g)

The instantaneous power can be deducted from (10) as W= F*Δx, so we can write P= F*(Δx/Δt) = F*v (dot product)Since F is constant, the instantaneous power when v=4.0 m/s, can be written as follows:

       

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1) when you rub your hands together quickly, the kinetic energy is converted to mechanical energy.2) thermal energy from the sun travels to earth as infrared waves.3) energy is transferred through the matter of space by electromagnetic waves. 4) when a match is burned, chemical potential energy is converted to thermal and radiant energy. 5) seismicwaves are caused by back and forth movement , or vibration, of an object. 6) mechanicalenergy in an engine changes thermal energy into kinetic energy to make a car move.