Earth's systems are connected, and a change in one system can influence the entire system. What do we call interactions that amplify the effects of change?

Asheet of steel 1.5 mm thick has nitrogen atmospheres on both sides at 1200oc and is permitted to achieve a steady-state diffusion condition. the diffusion coefficient for nitrogen in steel at this temperature is 6 x 10- 11 m2 /s, and the diffusion flux is found to be 1.2 x 10-7 kg/m2 -s. also, it is known that the concentration of nitrogen in the steel at the high-pressure surface is 4 kg/m3 . how far into the sheet from this high-pressure side will the concentration be 2.0 kg/m3 ? assume a linear concentration profile.

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Agirl throws a ball. if the ball's acceleration is 12 m/sec/sec and its mass is 0.5 kg, how much force did the girl apply to the ball?