Suppose a log’s mass is 5 Kg. After burning, the mass of the ash is 1kg. Make a claim about what may have happened to the other 4kg. Provide evidence, and explain your reasoning

Oxidization

While burning any material, any constituent element that can be oxidized to gaseous state oxides like Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur(These are the most common elements found in plant and animal body) etc. are oxidized to their corresponding oxides. This is what constitutes the major part of smoke. The black particles you see in smoke are unburnt small carbon particles which get detached during burning.
Smoke inhalation thus becomes dangerous to humans because relatively oxygen content of the smoke is less when compared to Atmosphere.
C
O
2
,
S
O
2
,
N
O
2
etc are harmful to health.
If you stop the burning before the log becomes ash the remains has unburnt Carbon materials which is why it is black.
The ash you see are metal oxides and other non combustible substances together.