Set up a single layer atmosphere-Earth system and calculate the radiative equilibrium temperature of the Earth's surface, TE, and the single-layer atmosphere, TA. Assume that both the surface and the atmosphere are in radiative equilibrium independently(energy in = energy out). You can assume the emissivity of the Earth is 1 (a perfect blackbody) and the emissivity, e, of the atmosphere is 0.8 in the infrared. The overall emissivity is used to adjust the blackbody radiation law such that F = esT4, and thus a 'graybody' emits (and therefore also absorbs) less than a perfect blackbody. Recall that the solar constant, Fs= 1365 Wm-2, and the global average albedo, A, is 0.3.

Which changes of state do the labels represent? a: b: c:

An ideal polarizer with its transmission axis rotated 30 degrees to the vertical is placed in a beam of unpolarized light of intensity 10w/m^2. after passing through the polarizer, what is the intensity of the beam? a. 8.7 w/m^2 b. 7.5 w/m^2 c. 5.0 w/m^2 d. 10 w/m^2 e. 2.5 w/m^2

Some material consisting of a collection of microscopic objects is kept at a high temperature. a photon detector capable of detecting photon energies from infrared through ultraviolet observes photons emitted with energies of 0.3 ev, 0.5 ev, 0.8 ev, 2.0ev, 2.5ev, and 2.8ev. these are the only photon energies observed. (a) draw and label a possible energy-level diagram for one of the microscopic objects, which has four bound states. on the diagram, indicate the transitions corresponding to the emitted photons. explain briefly. (b) would a spring–mass model be a good model for these microscopic objects? why or why not? (c) the material is now cooled down to a very low temperature, and the photon detector stops detecting photon emissions. next, a beam of light with a continuous range of energies from infrared through ultraviolet shines on the material, and the photon detector observes the beam of light after it passes through the material. what photon energies in this beam of light are observed to be significantly reduced in intensity (“dark absorption lines”)? explain briefly.