Punnett squares can be used to predict probable outcomes of genetic crosses. To calculate probability, divide the number of one kind of possible outcome by the total number of all possible outcomes. For example, if you toss a coin, the chance it will land on heads is equal to 1 ÷ 2. This probability can be expressed as ½, 0.5, or 50%.

Glass is transparent to visibile light under normal conditions; however, at extremely high intensities, glass will absorb most of the light incident upon it. this works through a process known as multiphoton absorption. in this process, several photons are absorbed at the same time. if very intense light whose photons carry 2ev of energy is shined onto a material with a band gap of 4ev, that light can be absorbed through two-photon absorption, because two photons have the right amount of energy to bridge the band gap. what is the minimum number of photons of 800-nm light that are needed to equal or exceed the band gap of fused silica glass

What is a possible result of higher air temperature caused by global warming

At 20∘c, the hole in an aluminum ring is 2.800 cm in diameter. you need to slip this ring over a steel shaft that has a room-temperature diameter of 2.804 cm . 1. to what common temperature should the ring and the shaft be heated so that the ring will just fit onto the shaft? coefficients of linear thermal expansion of steel and aluminum are 12×10−6 k−1 and23×10−6 k−1 respectively.