as a result, the net electric force experienced by each negatively charged particle is reduced to F/2. The value of q is

The value of q is

Explanation:

Given that,

Each charge = -Q

Distance between charges = L

Reduced force =

Suppose, Two particles each with a charge -Q are fixed a distance L apart as shown above. Each particle experiences a net electric force F. A particle with a charge +q is now fixed midway between the original two particles.

We know that,

The force on each end is

...(I)

If the charge q is placed at mid point then

The  force on each end charge is

....(II)

We need to calculate the value of q

Using equation (II)

Put the value of F into the formula

Hence, The value of q is

their crystal patterns have been disrupted by stress

54 degrees incident angle = reflected angle

angle is from normal turned to line of ray