2.27 A gas is compressed from V1= 0.3 m3, p1=1 bar to V2= 0.1 m3, p2 =3 bar. The pressure and the volume are related linearly during the process. For the gas, find the
work, in kJ.
2.29 A gas expands from an initial state where p1=500kPa and V1=0.1m3 to a state
end where p2= 100 kPa. The relationship between pressure and volume during the process is
pV=constant. Schematize the process in a p-V diagram and determine the work, in
kJ.

-40 kJ

80 kJ

Explanation:

Work is equal to the area under the pressure vs volume graph.

W = ∫ᵥ₁ᵛ² P dV

2.27) Pressure and volume are linearly related.  When we graph P vs V, the area under the line is a trapezoid.  So the work is:

W = ½ (P₁ + P₂) (V₂ − V₁)

W = ½ (100 kPa + 300 kPa) (0.1 m³ − 0.3 m³)

W = -40 kJ

2.29) Pressure and volume are inversely proportional:

pV = k

The initial pressure and volume are 500 kPa and 0.1 m³.  So the constant is:

(500) (0.1) = k

k = 50

The final pressure is 100 kPa.  So the final volume is:

(100) V = 50

V = 0.5

The work is therefore:

W = ∫ᵥ₁ᵛ² P dV

W = ∫₀₁⁰⁵ (50/V) dV

W = 50 ln(V) |₀₁⁰⁵

W = 50 (ln 0.5 − ln 0.1)

W ≈ 80 kJ

when it gains or loses electrons

a and b sometimes have a positive value