a student makes an observation that a colorless solution turns blue this kind of observation is called

According to social exchange theory, altruistic behaviors benefit the individual who performs them.

Agas initially at p1 = 1 bar and occupying a volume of 0.5 liter is compressed within a piston–cylinder assembly to a final pressure p2 = 4 bar. (a) if the relationship between pressure and volume during the compression is pv = constant, determine the volume, in liters, at a pressure of 3 bar. (b) repeat for a linear pressure–volume relationship between the same end states. reference

What do you think car designers do if the damage caused by a crash test is too severe?