Unpolarized light passes through a vertical polarizing filter, emerging with an intensity I0. The light then passes through a horizontal filter, which blocks all of the light; the intensity transmitted through the pair of filters is zero. Suppose a third polarizer with axis 45 ? from vertical is inserted between the first two. What is the transmitted intensity now?
Express your answer in terms of I0. I got I0/8. But this is not right. I guess they want a number?

    I₂ = 0.25 I₀

Explanation:

To know the light transmitted by a filter we must use the law of Malus

          I = I₀ cos² θ

In this case, the intensity of the light that passes through the first polarizer is I₀, it reaches the second polarized, which is at 45⁰, therefore the intensity I1 comes out of it.

        I₁ = I₀ cos² 45

        I₁ = I₀ 0.5

this is the light that reaches the third polarizer, which is at 45⁰ with respect to the second, from this comes the intensity I₂

       I₂ = I₁ cos² 45

       I₂ = (I₀ 0.5) 0.5

       I₂ = 0.25 I₀

this is the intensity of the light transmitted by the set of polarizers

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it is given that trillions of microbes make up to 1% to 3% of the body mass.

let's take average of this percentage: 2%

consider the average mass of the human body as 70 kg.

then, trillions of microbes would have mass  

therefore, 100 trillion micro-organisms would weigh:

this is an approximate value and could change depending on the mass of the human body and percentage of the microbes present in it.

average mass per microorganism =