To understand the meaning of the variables in Gauss's law, and the conditions under which the law is applicable. Gauss's law is usually written ΦE=∫E. dA =qencl/ϵ0
, where ϵ0=8.85×10−12C2/(N⋅m2) is the permittivity of vacuum.
How should the integral in Gauss's law be evaluated?
a. around the perimeter of a closed loop
b. over the surface bounded by a closed loop
c. over a closed surface

The “death throes” of stars are amongst the most complex phenomena in all of astronomy, and the “corpses” of stars amongst the most energetic and exotic objects in existence. beginning at the end of the core helium fusion stage in a star’s life, describe in detail the post-main sequence development of both (a) a 1.0 solar mass star, and (b) a 25.0 solar mass star. in what significant ways do they differ? what role does each of these types of stars play in the "star-gas-star" cycle and the evolution of chemical elements in our galaxy?

This energy transformation diagram represents the energy of a skateboarder moving along a half-pipe. as she skates toward the top of the half-pipe, her original kinetic energy is converted to potential energy and friction. how much of the energy is potential?

The ph is the a.independent variable b.the dependent variable c.control group