Ned tightens a bolt in his car engine by exerting 15 N of force on his wrench at a distance of 0.45m from the fulcrum. How much torque must Ned produce to turn the bolt?

Explanation:

Vectorially speaking, torque is the cross product between force and distance from fulcrum. Its magnitude is equal to the following expression:

Let assume that force is perpendicular to the distance from the fulcrum. So, the torque needed to turn the bolt is:

force is based upon mass and acceleration.the statement is not always true.

it can be explained from newton's second law of motion.

as per newton's second law of motion the rate of change of momentum is directly proportional to the applied force and takes place along the direction of force.

mathematically it can be written as -

                                              ⇒      

here   k is the proportionality constant whose value is 1.

                                                            [a is the acceleration=dv/dt]

hence we see that force not only depends on mass and acceleration but also on velocity and rate of change of mass. force f will depend on mass and acceleration only when mass is constant.

hence the statement that force is based upon mass and acceleration is false.