A child drags a 0.398 kg toy dog
across flat ground at constant speed,
with a 4.63 N force at a 63.0° angle.
What is the force of friction on the
toy?
(Hint: You do NOT need to know the
coefficient of friction.)

2.10 N

Explanation:

Draw a free body diagram of the toy.  There are four forces:

Weight force mg pulling down,

Normal force N pushing up,

Friction force F pushing left,

Applied force 4.63 N pulling at an angle of 63.0°.

Sum of the forces in the x direction:

∑F = ma

4.63 N cos 63.0° − F = 0

F = 2.10 N

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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