5) Consider these two facts: (a) The Earth has been hit by as many impactors as the Moon and Mars. (b) The state of Virginia has a total land area of about 102,000 km2 . Calculate how many 5-km-sized craters have been formed in Virginia over the last 4 billion years. [Show your work.]

as we know our atmosphere or air have different levels. every level has other gasses, and every gas has another permeability. when the light comes from lower permeability to higher permeability, it changes its direction. so that means that when the light comes from the moon to the earth, it changes it's direction many more times. it basically means that the shape of the light part of the moon is changed on the earth.

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