A radiometer can be used to determine the position of an approaching hot object by measuring the amount of irradiation it detects. Consider a radiometer placed at a distance H 5 0.5 m from the x-axis is used to measure the position of an approaching small blackbody object. If the radiometer is measuring 80% of the irradiation corresponding to the position of the object directly under the radiometer (x 5 0), determine the position of the object L.

Materials will have different energies associated with the electrons inside them. this is related to how strongly bound they are by their work function. if we sandwich a material with a very low energy between two materials with a high energy, we create a trap for an electron. if this trap is very narrow in one direction in comparison to the others, this is approximately a 1-dimensional box that confines the electron. what is the lowest energy of an electron in the box if the thinnest direction across the materials is 4.81 nm?