A single-celled animal called a paramecium propels itself quite rapidly through water using its hair-like cilia. A certain paramecium experiences a drag force of F d r a g = − b v 2 in water, where the drag coefficient b is approximately 0.290 kg/m . If the paramecium's speed v is 0.000157 m/s , what is the magnitude of the propulsion force that the creature must generate to move at this constant speed?

The heater element of a 120 v toaster is a 5.4 m length of nichrome wire, whose diameter is 0.48 mm. the resistivity of nichrome at the operating temperature of the toaster is 1.3 × 10-6 ω·m. the toaster is operated at a voltage of 120 v. (a) what is the power drawn by the toaster? (b) if the cost of electricity is 12 ¢ per kilowatt-hour, and it takes 2 minutes to toast bread, how much does it cost for toasted bread? (c) when the heater element is at room temperature, is the resistivity in the nichrome wire greater than, less than, or equal to it’s resistivity when at operating temperature? explain.