An energetic graduate student decides to do a voltage clamp experiment in which she clamps a single voltage gated-sodium channel and holds it at voltages ranging from -100 to +100 mV. Which of the following is she likely to observe? Assume ENa+ = +50 and EK+ = -70.

a. Sustained inward currents lasting several milliseconds would be detected from -100 to +100 mV
b. Transient inward currents of about 2 pA would be detected from -100 to +100 mV, but would be smallest in amplitude close to +50mV
c. Transient outward currents would occur at +70mV Correct
d. Transient currents would last longer and longer as the voltage was increased from +10 to +60 mV
e. None of the above

Explain to someone who knows nothing about fossils the study of invertebrate paleontology and how it scientists understand the history of the earth. be sure your explanation contains a minimum of two complete sentences.

Utah's great salt lake has an average salinity seven times higher than that of the oceans. very few multicellular organisms live in this harsh environment. an example is the brine shrimp, which must devote a large portion of its metabolic energy to osmoregulation. these brine shrimp must available hint(s)utah's great salt lake has an average salinity seven times higher than that of the oceans. very few multicellular organisms live in this harsh environment. an example is the brine shrimp, which must devote a large portion of its metabolic energy to osmoregulation. these brine shrimp must pump water back into their cells to counter its loss due to osmosisactively pump water back out of their cells to counter its inflow due to osmosissynthesize membranes that are impermeable to substances that upset osmotic balanceactively pump salt back out of their cells to counter its inflow due to osmosis

Two point charges are separated by a certain distance. how does the strength of the electric field produced by the first charge, at the position of the second charge, change if the second charge is doubled? a. the field does not change b. the field strength decreases by half. c. the field strength doubles d. the field strength quadruples