Prove that hoop stress is twice the longitudinal stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel.

Proof in explanation.

Explanation:

Consider a thin cylinder, whose thickness to diameter ration is less than 1/20, the hoop stress can be derived as follows:

Let,

L = length of cylinder

d = internal diameter of cylinder

t = thickness of wall of cylinder

P = internal pressure

σH = Hoop Stress

σL = Longitudinal Stress

Total force on half-cylinder owing to internal pressure = P x  Projected Area = P x dL    (Refer fig 9.1)

Total resisting force owing to hoop stress setup in walls = 2 σH L t

Therefore,

P d L = 2 σH L t

σH = Pd/2t      _____________ eqn (1)

Now, for longitudinal stress:

Total force on end of cylinder owing to internal pressure = P x  Projected Area = P x πd²/4

Area resisting this force = π d t        (Refer fig 9.2)

Longitudinal Stress = Force/Area

σL = (Pπd²/4)/(πdt)

σL = Pd/4t        ____________ eqn (2)

Dividing eqn (1) by eqn (2)

σH/σL = 2

σH = 2 σL      (Hence, Proved)

adding a(n) to an electric circuit would increase the magnetic field around a wire;

b. solenoid

a solenoid is a type of electromagnet whose purpose is to generate a controlled magnetic field.

if the purpose of the solenoid is instead to impede changes in the electric current, a solenoid can be more specifically classified as an inductor rather than an electromagnet.