Which statement is always true according to vsepr theory?
(a) the shape of a molecule is determined only by repulsions among bonding electron groups.
(b) the shape of a molecule is determined only by repulsions among nonbonding electron groups.
(c) the shape of a molecule is determined by the polarity of its bonds.
(d) the shape of a molecule is determined by repulsions among all electron groups on the central atom (or interior atoms, if there is more than one).

The correct option is D.

Explanation:

VSEPR theory is defined as the shape of the molecules determined by the repulsion between electron pairs in the valence cell. Valence cell electrons are two types:

1) Bonding electrons (sigma bonds)

2) Anti-bonding electrons or lone pairs.

These lone pairs, and bonds helps to form the shape which keeps these electrons separate as possible. For example: two electron pairs forming a linear structure such as CO2 contains two double bonds with zero lone pair electrons, and forming 180 degree bond angles at the carbon (central) atom.

c)as speed changes, wavelength and frequency change.

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