Air at 207 kpa and 200◦c enters a 2.5-cm-id tube at 6 m/s. the tube is constructed ofcopper with a thickness of 0.8 mm and a length of 3 m. atmospheric air at 1 atm and 20◦cflows normal to the outside of the tube with a free-stream velocity of 12 m/s. calculate theair temperature at exit from the tube. what would be the effect of reducing the hot-air flowing half?

Temperature of air at exit = 24.32 C, After reducing hot air the temperature of the exit air becomes = 20.11 C

Explanation:

ρ = P/R(Ti) where ρ is the density of air at the entry, P is pressure of air at entrance, R is the gas constant, Ti is the temperature at entry

ρ = (2.07 x 10⁵)/(287)(473) = 1.525 kg/m³

Calculate the mass flow rate given by

m (flow rate) = (ρ x u(i) x A(i)) where u(i) is the speed of air, A(i) is the area of the tube (πr²) of the tube

m (flow rate) = 1.525 x (π x 0.0125²) x 6 = 4.491 x 10⁻³ kg/s

The Reynold's Number for the air inside the tube is given by

R(i) = (ρ x u(i) x d)/μ where d is the inner diameter of the tube and μ is the dynamic viscosity of air (found from the table at Temp = 473 K)

R(i) = (1.525) x (6) x 0.025/2.58 x 10⁻⁵ = 8866

Calculate the convection heat transfer Coefficient as

h(i) = (k/d)(R(i)^0.8)(Pr^0.3) where k is the thermal conductivity constant known from table and Pr is the Prandtl's Number which can also be found from the table at Temperature = 473 K

h(i) = (0.0383/0.025) x (8866^0.8) x (0.681^0.3) = 1965.1 W/m². C

The fluid temperature is given by T(f) = (T(i) + T(o))/2 where T(i) is the temperature of entry and T(o) is the temperature of air at exit

T(f) = (200 + 20)/2 = 110 C = 383 K

Now calculate the Reynold's Number and the Convection heat transfer Coefficient for the outside

R(o) = (μ∞ x do)/V(f)  where μ∞ is the speed of the air outside, do is the outer diameter of the tube and V(f) is the kinematic viscosity which can be known from the table at temperature = 383 K

R(o) = (12 x 0.0266)/(25.15 x 10⁻⁶) = 12692

h(o) = K(f)/d(o)(0.193 x Ro^0.618)(∛Pr) where K(f) is the Thermal conductivity of air on the outside known from the table along with the Prandtl's Number (Pr) from the table at temperature = 383 K

h(o) = (0.0324/0.0266) x (0.193 x 12692^0.618) x (0.69^1/3) = 71.36 W/m². C

Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient given by

U = 1/{(1/h(i)) + A(i)/(A(o) x h(o))} simplifying the equation we get

U = 1/{(1/h(i) + (πd(i)L)/(πd(o)L) x h(o)} = 1/{(1/h(i) + di/(d(o) x h(o))}

U = 1/{(1/1965.1) + 0.025/(0.0266 x 71.36)} = 73.1 W/m². C

Find out the minimum capacity rate by

C(min) = m (flow rate) x C(a) where C(a) is the specific heat of air known from the table at temperature = 473 K

C(min) = (4.491 x 10⁻³) x (1030) = 4.626 W/ C

hence the Number of Units Transferred may be calculated by

NTU = U x A(i)/C(min) = (73.1 x π x 0.025 x 3)/4.626 = 3.723

Calculate the effectiveness of heat ex-changer using

∈ = 1 - е^(-NTU) = 1 - e^(-3.723) = 0.976

Use the following equation to find the exit temperature of the air

(Ti - Te) = ∈(Ti - To) where Te is the exit temperature

(200 - Te) = (0.976) x (200 - 20)

Te = 24.32 C

The effect of reducing the hot air flow by half, we need to calculate a new value of Number of Units transferred followed by the new Effectiveness of heat ex-changer and finally the exit temperature under these new conditions.

Since the new NTU is half of the previous NTU we can say that

NTU (new) = 2 x NTU = 2 x 3.723 = 7.446

∈(new) = 1 - e^(-7.446) = 0.999

(200 - Te (new)) = (0.999) x (200 - 20)

Te (new) = 20.11 C

gpe = mass x gravity constant x height or… gpe = mgh

where… mass: measured in kilograms (kg)

gravity: gravity constant on earth = 10.00 m/s2

height: measured in meters (m)

gpe: measured in joules (j) or kilojoules (kj)

how do you solve gpe?

gravitational potential energy (gpe) is the energy an object has because of its position above the. ground.

gpe = mass x gravity constant x height or… gpe = mgh.

mass:

note: to earn full marks when solving science word problems, you must show your work:

formula.

example:

given values:

mass = 0.3 kg.

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