The images show two different types of galapagos tortoises that scientists believe descended from the same species. the first type (left) are found on islands that have vegetation and few grasses. the second type (right) are found on an island that has large amounts of grasses and low lying scrubs. what explains the type of turtle found on the islands with high vegetation?
a)the environment triggered a gene mutation in neck length in order to the turtle survive,
b)mutations are random, so it is by chance that turtles with longer necks live on these islands,
c)turtles with genes for long necks had a better chance of surviving go reach reproductive age,
d)turtles with shot necks completely lacked adaptations for finding food, so they died off.

How have the competing explanations' experiments on atoms affected the development of the atomic model?

Follow these directions and answer the questions. 1. shine a pencil-thin beam of light on a mirror perpendicular to its surface. (if you don't have a laser light as suggested in the video, you can make a narrow beam from a flashlight by making a cone from black construction paper and taping it over the face of the flashlight.) how does the light reflect? how does the relationship of incident to reflected ray relate to the reflection of water waves moving perpendicular to a barrier? 2. shine a pencil-thin beam of light on a mirror standing on a sheet of paper on the table (or floor) so that you can mark the incident ray and reflected ray. (you can support the mirror from the back by taping it to a wooden block.) 3. mark a line on the paper representing the reflective surface. (the reflective surface of a mirror is usually the back edge.) 4. draw a dashed line perpendicular to the mirror surface at a point where the incident and reflected ray meet. this perpendicular is called a normal to the surface. 5. measure the angles between the rays and the normal. the angle of incidence is the angle formed by the incident ray and the normal to the surface. the angle formed by the reflected ray and normal is called the angle of reflection (r). what is the angle of incidence? what is the angle of reflection? 6. repeat for several different angles. (see report sheet for details.) what appears to be the relationship between the angle of incidence and angle of reflection? in science 1204, what was the relationship for these two angles made by the reflection of waves in a ripple tank? 7. roll a ball bearing so that it hits a fixed, hard surface (a metal plate) at several angles (including head-on). observe the way in which the ball bearing reflects. what generalization can you make about how a ball bearing reflects from a wall? have you proved that light can only behave like a wave?

If the temperature were raised very high, classically what would we expect the heat capacity per object to be for this one-dimensional system? give a numerical value. chigh t = __ j/k/object (one reason for the discrepancy is that the high-temperature limit assumes that the number of oscillators is large (n > > 1), which is not the case in this tiny system.)