Aforce is any action that changes motion. for each of the following situations. identify what creates the force.
a. a flag flaps back and forth at the top of a flagpole.
b. a soccer ball is passed from one player to another.
c. a large piece of hail falls to the ground.
d. the tide goes from high to low at the shore.

The heater element of a 120 v toaster is a 5.4 m length of nichrome wire, whose diameter is 0.48 mm. the resistivity of nichrome at the operating temperature of the toaster is 1.3 × 10-6 ω·m. the toaster is operated at a voltage of 120 v. (a) what is the power drawn by the toaster? (b) if the cost of electricity is 12 ¢ per kilowatt-hour, and it takes 2 minutes to toast bread, how much does it cost for toasted bread? (c) when the heater element is at room temperature, is the resistivity in the nichrome wire greater than, less than, or equal to it’s resistivity when at operating temperature? explain.