In this problem, we consider sending real-time voice from host a to host b over a packet-switched network (voip). host a converts analog voice to a digital 64 kbps bit stream on the fly. host a then groups the bits into 56-byte packets. there is one link between hosts a and b; its transmission rate is 2 mbps and its propagation delay is 10 msec. as soon as host a gathers a packet, it sends it to host b. as soon as host b receives an entire packet, it converts the packet’s bits to an analog signal. how much time elapses from the time a bit is created (from the original analog signal at host a) until the bit is decoded (as part of the analog signal at host b)?

current flows in a wire

electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia

the temperature in kelvin of 2.0 dm3 of an ideal gas is doubled and its pressure is increased by a factor of four. what is the final volume of the gas