The calculation in example 13.1 refers to the known oort cloud, the source for most of the comets we see. if, as some astronomers suspect, there are 10 times this many cometary objects in the solar system, how does the total mass of cometary matter compare with the mass of jupiter?

snell's law

refractve index = sin incidence / sin refraction

the aurora is formed when charged particles emitted from the sun during a solar flare penetrate the earth's magnetic shield and collide with atoms and molecules in our atmosphere. these collisions result in countless little bursts of light, called photons, which make up the aurora.

auroras are generated by charged solar particles hitting molecules in earth's atmosphere. this usually happens in high latitudes, because our planet’s magnetic field tends to funnel these particles toward the poles. that’s why it can be experienced in northern ohio.

= initial pressure

= final pressure = 2

= initial volume

= final volume = /4

= initial temperature = 20 c = 20 + 273 = 293 k

= final temperature = ?

using the equation