High-power lasers are used to cut and weld materials by focusing the laser beam to a very small spot. this is like using a magnifying lens to focus the sun's light to a small spot that can burn things. as an engineer, you have designed a laser cutting device in which the material to be cut is placed 7.0cm behind the lens. you have selected a high-power laser with a wavelength of 1.06 \mum. (this distance and wavelength are both very typical values.) your calculations indicate that the laser must be focused to a 7.0\mum-diameter spot in order to have sufficient power to make the cut. what is the minimum diameter of the lens you must install? express your answer with the appropriate units.

Comedians like to joke that the reason we haven’t been visited by intelligent life from elsewhere in the universe is that aliens have been monitoring earth’s broadcasts of intellectually embarrassing tv programs, like gilligan’s island, fear factor, the jersey shore, and the jerry springer showand so consider us far too primitive to merit a visit. let’s check the assertion that aliens could have been receiving them. tv programs are broadcast at a frequency of about 100mhz with about 100kw of total power in 30frames per second, which emanatesroughly uniformly in all directions. assume that interstellar space transmits these broadcasts without attenuation. no matter how smart they are, aliens would require at least one photon per frame to interpret our signals. findthe number of photons per unit time per unit area reaching a receiver on a possible planet in the nearest star system, which is about 4 light-years away (a light-year is the distance light travels in a year). if aliens aimed a receiver or detector directly at earth, how big (in diameter) would it have to be to receive a photon per frame

Use the frequency histogram to complete the following parts. ​(a) identify the class with the​ greatest, and the class with the​ least, relative frequency. ​(b) estimate the greatest and least relative frequencies. ​(c) describe any patterns with the data. female fibula lengths 30.5 31.5 32.5 33.5 34.5 35.5 36.5 37.5 38.5 39.5 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 length (in centimeters) relative frequency a histogram titled "female fibula lengths" has a horizontal axis labeled "length in centimeters" from 30.5 to 39.5 in increments of 1 and a vertical axis labeled "relative frequency" from 0 to 0.25 in increments of 0.05. the histogram contains vertical bars of width 1, where one vertical bar is centered over each of the horizontal axis tick marks. the approximate heights of the vertical bars are listed as follows, where the label is listed first and the approximate height is listed second: 30.5, 0.02; 31.5, 0.04; 32.5, 0.05; 33.5, 0.13; 34.5, 0.22; 35.5, 0.25; 36.5, 0.13; 37.5, 0.06; 38.5, 0.09; 39.5, 0.01. ​(a) the class with the greatest relative frequency is nothing to nothing centimeters. ​(type integers or decimals. do not round. use ascending​ order.)

Which law represents the thermodynamic statement of the conservation of energy of a system? a. the fourth law b. the first law c. the second law d. the third law