Acylinder 8 inches in diameter and 3 ft long is concentric with a pipe of 8.25 inches i. d. between cylinder and pipe there is an oil film. what force is required to move the cylinder along the pipe at a constant velocity of 3 fps? the kinematic viscosity of the oil is 0.006 ft2 /s; the specific gravity is 0.92.

Required force equals 623.498 lb

Explanation:

We shall use newton's law of viscosity to calculate the shear force that acts on the cylinder

By Newton's law of viscosity we have

is shear stress that acts on the internal surface

is dynamic viscosity of the fluid

is the velocity gradient that exists across the flow

The dynamic viscosity is calculated as follows

is density of the fluid

kinematic viscosity of the fluid

By  no slip boundary condition the fluid in contact with the stationary cylinder shall not have any velocity while as the fluid in contact with the moving cylinder shall have velocity equal to that of the cylinder itself. This implies a velocity gradient shall exist across the gap in between the cylinders.

Applying values of the quantities we can calculate shear stress as follows

The density of fluid is

G = specific gravity of fluid

is density of water

This pressure shall oppose the motion of the internal cylinder hence the force of opposition =

Using the area of internal cylinder we get total force

F=

answer: at 24 february, 2014 the population gets twice of its initial population.

explanation:

since we have given that

the population for alpha city, t years after january 1, 2004 is given as

first we find out the initial population, i.e. t=0,

so, our quadratic equation becomes,

according to question, we have said that if the population has twice its initial population, then it becomes

so, time taken to reach this above mentioned population is given by

now, we know that time can't be negative so, we take t=9.149 years.

hence, at 24 february, 2014 the population gets twice of its initial population.