Many impurity atoms in a semiconductor exchange energy and electrons with the electrons in the conduction band. consider the impurity atoms to be in thermal and chemical equilibrium with the conduction band, which can be considered to be both an energy and particle reservoir. assume that a is the ionization energy of the impurity atom. find the probability that an impurity atom is ionized as a function of δ and the chemical potential μ. [hint: consider the electrons with spin "up" or spin "down"]

During physical science, ms. greene challenged her students to produce an energy transformation. james and jill wrapped a 4-inch nail with a coil of fifty turns of wire. they connected one end of the coil to one terminal of a knife switch. they connected the other terminal of the knife switch to the battery. finally, they connected the end of the coil to the other terminal of the battery. james held the tip of a 1-inch nail near the flat end of the 4-inch nail. jill closed the knife switch quickly and then opened it. the 1-inch nail was pulled toward the 4-inch nail. what is the best explanation of why the nail moved? a) electrical energy was converted to mechanical energy in the 1-inch nail. b) the 4-inch nail became an electromagnet and the magnetic force attracted the 1-inch nail. c) the electric current in the 4-inch nail was converted to mechanical energy in the 1-inch nail. d) the 4-inch nail had a positive charge and the 1-inch nail had a negative charge. opposites attracted.

Which statement best describes copper? a. it has a low resistance and prevents charges from moving freely. b it has a high resistance and allows charges to move freely. c. it has a high resistance and prevents charges from moving freely. d. it has a low resistance and allows charges to move freely

Why does karst topography exist in some geographic location? a. few climates have enough oxygen b. most regions have rock layers other than limestone c. in most regions, the soil is too thin d. the water is too acidic enough in most places