A) draw energy level diagrams for three and four level discrete energy laser systems and explain how population inversion is obtained. which system is likely to have the lower lasing threshold and why? [5 9r b) derive the two rate equations for the upper and lower energy levels of a four level system. assume that the only physical mechanisms of interest are stimulated emission, spontaneous emission, stimulated absorption and optical pumping. [4] 10-9 9 c) sketch the relationship between (i) population inversion and (i) optical output power with pumping rate. [4] d) consider a he-ne laser operating at a wavelength of 632.8nm with a mirror separation of 0.40m and mirror reflectivities of 95% and 100%. assuming the loss coefficient is 0.05m, calculate the threshold gain coefficient of the laser. 12] d) the threshold gain of a laser is 1.1m1. given that the mirror reflectivity is 0.8 and the device length is 0.5m, determine the scattering loss.

An internally reversible refrigerator has a modified coefficient of performance accounting for realistic heat transfer processes of where qin is the refrigerator cooling rate, qout is the heat rejection rate, and is the power input. show that copm can be expressed in terms of the reservoir temperatures tc and th, the cold and hot thermal resistances rt,c and rt,h, and qin, as where rtot rt,c rt,h. also, show that the power input may be expressed as 1.39 a household refrigerator operates with cold- and hot-temperature reservoirs of tc 5 c and th 25 c, respectively. when new, the cold and hot side resistances are rc,n 0.05 k/w and rh,n 0.04 k/w, respectively. over time, dust accumulates on the refrigerator’s condenser coil, which is located behind the refrigerator, increasing the hot side resistance to rh,d 0.1 k/w. it is desired to have a refrigerator cooling rate of qin 750 w. using the results of problem 1.38, determine the modified coefficient of performance and the required power input w under (a) clean and (b) dusty coil conditions. internally reversible refrigerator qout qin w high-temperature reservoir low-temperature reservoir th th,i tc,i tc high-temperature side resistance low-temperature side resistance w qin th tc qinrtot tc qinrtot copm tc qinrtot th tc

Estimate the kinetic energy of mars with respect to the sun as the sum of two terms, that due to its daily rotation about its axis, and that due to its yearly revolution about the sun. (assume mars is a uniform sphere with mass = 6.4×10 to the power of 23 kg, radius = 3.4×10 to the power of 6 m, rotation period = 24.7 hours, orbital period = 686 days and is 2.3×10 to the power of 8 km from the sun.)

Multiple choice. choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) if the force on an object is in the negative direction, the work it does on the object must be 1) a) negative. b) positive. c) the work could be either positive or negative, depending on the direction the object moves. 2) a truck has four times the mass of a car and is moving with twice the speed of the car. if kt and kc refer to the kinetic energies of truck and car respectively, it is correct to say that 2) a) kt = 16kc . b) kt = 1 2 kc. c) kt = kc . d) kt = 2kc . e) kt = 4kc . 3) you and your friend, who weighs the same as you, want to go to the top of the eiffel tower. your friend takes the elevator straight up. you decide to walk up the spiral stairway, taking longer to do so. compare the gravitational