An air bubble of volume 20 cm³ is at the bottom of a lake 40 m deep, where the temperature is 4.0°c. the bubble rises to the surface, which is at a temperature of 20°c. take the temperature of the bubble’s air to be the same as that of the surrounding water. just as the bubble reaches the surface, what is its volume?

100 cm³

Explanation:

Use ideal gas law:

PV = nRT

where P is absolute pressure, V is volume, n is number of moles, R is ideal gas constant, and T is absolute temperature.

n and R are constant, so:

P₁V₁/T₁ = P₂V₂/T₂

If we say point 1 is at 40m depth and point 2 is at the surface:

P₂ = 1.013×10⁵ Pa

T₂ = 20°C + 273.15 = 293.15 K

P₁ = ρgh + P₂

P₁ = (1000 kg/m³ × 9.8 m/s² × 40 m) + 1.013×10⁵ Pa

P₁ = 4.933×10⁵ Pa

T₁ = 4.0°C + 273.15 = 277.15 K

V₁ = 20 cm³

Plugging in:

(4.933×10⁵ Pa) (20 cm³) / (277.15 K) = (1.013×10⁵ Pa) V₂ / (293.15 K)

V₂ = 103 cm³

Rounding to 1 sig-fig, the bubble's volume at the surface is 100 cm³.

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electromagnetic shielding is the practice of reducing the electromagnetic field in a space by blocking the field with barriers made of conductive or magnetic materials. shielding is typically applied to enclosures to isolate electrical devices from their surroundings, and to cables to isolate wires from the environment through which the cable runs. electromagnetic shielding that blocks radio frequency electromagnetic radiation is also known as rf shielding.

the shielding can reduce the coupling of radio waves, electromagnetic fields and electrostatic fields. a conductive enclosure used to block electrostatic fields is also known as a faraday cage. the amount of reduction depends very much upon the material used, its thickness, the size of the shielded volume and the frequency of the fields of interest and the size, shape and orientation of apertures in a shield to an incident electromagnetic

from wikipedia