How would the atmosphere of the earth differ if the earth was much larger? (

First of all, shockingly, you will find that Earth’s atmosphere covers the surface of Earth and not its volume. If you say double the diameter of Earth, the volume of stuff will multiply by 8, but the surface will only multiply by 4. This means that there is twice as much stuff to go around per unit of surface area. This would translate to a higher and therefore thicker atmosphere and deeper oceans.

layers of the earth affect the waves and these effects are seen on instruiments such as seimometers

beta is electron from nucleus

something from nucleus has changed, but charge must be same for cons of charge