. CS has type 1 DM. She is 16 years old and currently uses an insulin pump to control her diabetes. Her basal rate is 0.3 units/h between 12 and 4 AM, 0.6 units/h the rest of the day. She uses insulin lispro. She has an insulin/carbohydrate ratio of 1/20 and a correction factor of 1 units/25 mg/dL (1 unit/1.4 mmol/L). Her goal HbA1c is less than 7% (less than 0.07; less than 53 mmol/mol Hb). She is going to eat a small apple, a piece of white bread toast with a piece of cheese for a snack. Her current blood glucose reading is 242 mg/dL (13.4 mmol/L), and she won't eat again for 4 hours. How much insulin lispro should she bolus for this snack

Mr. will, a 67-year-old patient, is postoperative day 2 after a coronary artery bypass graft operation to revascularize his coronary arteries that were significantly blocked. he has a midline incision of his chest and a 7-inch incision on the inner aspect of his right thigh where a saphenous vein graft was harvested and used to vascularize the blocked coronary artery. the surgeon ordered oxycodone 5 mg every 4 hours prn for moderate pain and oxycodone 10 mg every 4 hours prn for severe pain. a. considering the patient's age, what medication administration considerations should the nurse incorporate into the pain management plan and why? b. what measures should the nurse provide the patient to prevent adverse effects of analgesic agents from occurring? c. what nonpharmacologic pain management methods should the nurse teach to mr. will to assist with pain management?