1. what was early surgery like?
2. why was anesthesia important to surgery? what problem occurred with the surgeries even with anesthesia? how was this solved?
3. what is laparoscopy? what were the problems with this innovation?
4. why isn't all surgery being done using robots?
5. what is the future of surgery?

Given that this question has multiple questions in them, and some a bit long to explain, I will give each answer separately with a small explanation.

1. Surgery has been applied by humans almost from prehistoric times, through a procedure called trephining, which was opening small holes on a person´s skull to allow for headaches and head pain relief. As times evolved, and metallic tools appeared, surgery grew into more specialized procedures where bloodletting, trephining and especially amputation were possible. This type of surgery continued into the Middle Ages, where surgery was not a specialized, medical field, but it was performed by both men and women surgeon-barbers. Again, bloodletting, trephining and amputation continued to be the norm. It was not until the 1500´s and 1600´s that cauterization of wounds appeared. However, as the 1800´s appeared, and with the discovery of anesthesia, things began to change, especially with the discovery of ether gas and later chloroform. Now surgery became more efficient, invasive, and it was moved to be taught in universities as a specialty. Also, it was in the 1800´s that antisepsis was discovered and developed, reducing the death of patients. During the 1900´s and the 20th century, several new procedures, including non-invasive surgery were developed, improving the use of surgery.

2. Anesthesia became important to surgery because it allow the surgeon to go deeper into the body without killing the person with pain. It also gave him more time and to refine the methods used during surgery. The problems in the beginning were that patients could wake up from anesthesia, so the methods were further refined, and better substances were developed to ensure this did not happen.

3. Laparoscopy is a non-invasive surgial procedure in which, through a tube a surgeon is able to enter the body and operate on it thanks to the aid of cameras and computers, without having to open the patient. The problem with it was the techniques used by surgeons, which could cause trauma to the tissues as the tube was inserted, and also the possibility of introducing infections when the elements used were not properly sanitized and sterilized.

4. There are surgical procedures that require fine movements, which robots do not yet have. There are certain surgical skills, as well, that only human hands and human brains can use, but that robots cannot.

5. Surgery seems to be moving towards further automatization and computarization, leaving more complicated and refined surgeries to human hands.

answer: 900

explanation: