A32-year-old father of two small children lived in the midwestern united states. an avid hunter since childhood, the man visited annually with family and friends in colorado for elk hunting. his job required frequent travel to europe, where he enjoyed exotic foods. in 1988, his wife recalls, he began having problems. frequently he forgot to pick up things from the store or even that his wife had called him. later that year, he was unable to complete paperwork at his business and had difficulty performing even basic math. in england on business, he had forgotten his home phone number in the united states and couldn’t remember how to spell his name for directory assistance. by september, his wife insisted he seek medical care. all the standard blood tests came back normal. a psychologist diagnosed depression, but a brain scan revealed spongiform changes. he was given six weeks to live because there is no treatment for this disease. question a: what is the most likely etiology (cause) of this disease? a. prionb. bacteriumc. fungusd. virusquestion b: how did this man most likely become exposed to this disease agent? a. he was exposed to this disease while eating exotic foods in europe. b. he was exposed to this disease during trans-atlantic flights to europe. c. he was exposed to this disease while hunting in europe. d. he is likely to have been exposed while hunting elk in colorado during his childhood. question c: is this disease contagious? a. yes, it is likely to be transmitted by infected mountain streams in the rocky mountains. b. no, the disease is not contagious. c. no, this disease is transmitted only by mosquitoes. d. yes, it is likely to be transmitted by ticks in the rocky mountains. question d: which test confirmed the presence of this prion disease? a. psychological evaluationb. nutritional deficiencyc. brain scand. blood workquestion e: what is the typical incubation period for prion diseases? a. 6-12 monthsb. 2-3 weeksc. decadesd. 3-5 days

Characteristics of moderate sedation include: a. difficult arousal b. independent and continuous maintenance of a patent airway c. no experienced amnesia d. hemodynamic instability

Harold, a fifty-eight year old grocery store manager, had recently been waking up in the middle of the night with abdominal pain. this was happening several nights a week. he was also experiencing occasional discomfort in the middle of the afternoon. harold decided to schedule an appointment with his physician. the doctor listened as harold described his symptoms and then asked harold some questions. he noted that harold's appetite had suffered as a result of the pain he was experiencing and as a result of the fear that what he was eating may be responsible for the pain. otherwise, harold seemed fine. the doctor referred harold to a physician that specialized in internal medicine and had harold make an appointment for a procedure called an endoscopy. the endoscopy was performed at a hospital later that week. during the procedure, a long, thin tube was inserted into harold's mouth and directed into his digestive tract. the end of the tube was equipped with a light source and a small camera which allowed the doctor to observe the interior of harold's stomach. the endoscope was also equipped with a small claw-like structure that the doctor could use in order to obtain a small tissue sample from the lining of harold's stomach, if required. the endoscopy revealed that harold had a peptic ulcer. analysis of a tissue sample taken from the site showed that harold also had an infection that was caused by helicobacterpylori bacteria. the doctor who performed the endoscopy gave harold prescriptions for two different antibiotics and a medication that would decrease the secretion of stomach acid. the doctor also instructed harold to schedule an appointment for another endoscopy procedure in 6 months. 1. list the subjective findings in this case study. 2. what is an endoscopy? (2 points) what is a biopsy? 3. how was a biopsy performed on harold? 4. differentiate between gastric and duodenal ulcers by location. 5. what role does h. pylori play in the formation of peptic ulcers? 6. define occult and frank blood. (4 points) what is a guaiac test? 7. how can peptic ulcers cause bleeding? 8. why were antibiotics prescribed? 9. why would a medication that would decrease the secretion of stomach acid be beneficial?

After examining mohammad and ordering and reviewing the results of an ecg test, dr. williams indicates that mohammad’s heart appears to be normal. what factors might be contributing to mohammad’s episodes of tachycardia?