Mr. m has heart failure, complains of severe shortness of breath, and has fluid in his lungs. he has tachycardia, increased diastolic blood pressure, and pale moist skin and says he feels weak, dizzy, and anxious all the time.
questions:
•which of these signs and symptoms are due to decreased renal blood flow?
•which are due to the sympathetic nervous system?
•which side of his heart do you think is failing?

Ahealthy 26-year-old woman sustained a significant crush injury to her right upper extremity while on the job at a local construction site. she was brought to the emergency department and subsequently underwent pinning and reconstructive surgery and received perioperative broad-spectrum antibiotics. her blood pressure remained normal throughout her hospital course. on the second hospital day, a medical consultant noted a marked increase in her creatinine, from 0.8 to 1.9 mg/dl. her urine output dropped to 20 ml/h. serum creatine kinase was ordered and reported as 3400 units/l. questions what are the primary causes of this patient’s acute kidney injury? how should her kidney injury be categorized (as prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal)? how should she be treated?