Can you me solve 12 through 16 i don't get it

Find an equation of the line perpendicular to the graph of 28x-7y=9 that passes through the point at (4,1)

Tomas used 3 1/3 cups of flour and now has 1 2/3cups left. which equation can he use to find f, the number of cups of flour he had to begin with? f+3 1/3=1 2/3 f-3 1/3=1 2/3 3 1/3f=1 2/3 f/3 1/3=1 2/3

Apinhole camera is made out of a light-tight box with a piece of film attached to one side and pinhole on the opposite side. the optimum diameter d(in millimeters) of the pinhole can be modeled by d=1.9[ (5.5 x 10^-4) l) ] ^1/2, where l is the length of the camera box (in millimeters). what is the optimum diameter for a pinhole camera if the camera box has a length of 10 centimeters