How to find sum of series that neither geometric or arithmetic?

Let's use an example to demonstrate this point.

Assume we want to find the sum of: 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 and so on.
This is clearly neither geometric nor is it arithmetic.

We can further express this in sigma notation, and this will come in handy with what we want to do next.


Clearly, this is true to our summation.
If we plug n = 1, we have 2 - 1 = 1.
If we plug n = 2, we have 1 + (4 - 1) = 1 + 3.

Now, using sigma laws, we can express this as BOTH, a geometric and an arithmetic sequence.



From here, we can use our formulae to solve this.

To summarise: Look for any way to split up the pattern into both sequences.

In all honesty, there really is no “work” per say to show. mainly it’s just using the process of elimination. the question is asking which domain(s) would be the most appropriate for the function c(n). n is the number of observed vehicles so right away, 1, 2, and 3 can be eliminated.why? 1, 2 start in the negatives and therefore it is impossible to observe negative cars. so, #4 would be the best answer to the given problem.