Assume that the helium porosity (in percentage) of coal samples taken from any particular seam is normally distributed with true standard deviation 0.78. Requried:
a. Compute a 95% CI for the true average porosity of a certain seam if the average porosity for 20 specimens from the seam was 4.85.
b. Compute a 98% CI for true average porosity of another seam based on 16 specimens with a sample average of 4.56.
c. How large a sample size is necessary if the width of the 95% interval is to be 0.40?
d. What sample size is necessary to estimate the true average porosity to within 0.2 with 99% confidence?

a) The 95% CI for the true average porosity is (4.51, 5.19).

b) The 98% CI for true average porosity is (4.11, 5.01)

c) A sample size of 15 is needed.

d) A sample size of 101 is needed.

Step-by-step explanation:

a. Compute a 95% CI for the true average porosity of a certain seam if the average porosity for 20 specimens from the seam was 4.85.

We have that to find our level, that is the subtraction of 1 by the confidence interval divided by 2. So:

Now, we have to find z in the Ztable as such z has a pvalue of .

So it is z with a pvalue of , so

Now, find the margin of error M as such

In which is the standard deviation of the population and n is the size of the sample.

The lower end of the interval is the sample mean subtracted by M. So it is 4.85 - 0.34 = 4.51

The upper end of the interval is the sample mean added to M. So it is 4.35 + 0.34 = 5.19

The 95% CI for the true average porosity is (4.51, 5.19).

b. Compute a 98% CI for true average porosity of another seam based on 16 specimens with a sample average of 4.56.

Following the same logic as a.

98% C.I., so

4.56 - 0.45 = 4.11

4.56 + 0.45 = 5.01

The 98% CI for true average porosity is (4.11, 5.01)

c. How large a sample size is necessary if the width of the 95% interval is to be 0.40?

A sample size of n is needed.

n is found when M = 0.4.

95% C.I., so Z = 1.96.

Rounding up

A sample size of 15 is needed.

d. What sample size is necessary to estimate the true average porosity to within 0.2 with 99% confidence?

99% C.I., so z = 2.575

n when M = 0.2.

Rounding up

A sample size of 101 is needed.

logv3(x+2)=1

rewrite in exponential form:

logb(x) = y is equal to b^y =x

b = 3, y = 1

now solve for x:

3^1 = x+2)

x = 3-2

x = 1

see the picture for the graph.