What was the main cause of the islamic world's hardships during the thirteenth century?

a.
western europeans invading muslim lands

b.
mongol tribes invading muslim lands

c.
dissension between rival factions of islam

d.
famine and diseases introduced from africa

The main cause of the Islamic world's hardships during the thirteenth century was the Mongol tribes invading Muslim lands. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the second option or option "B". I hope that this is the answer that has actually come to your desired help.