Hand-in Assignment for Chapter 1 Scientists did a 10-year study to investigate the effect of tagging penguins with either a metal strip or an electronic tag. In the student, a sample of 100 penguins were randomly assigned to one of two groups, then followed for 10 years. The study learned that, overall, penguins tagged using a metal strip had fewer chicks, had a lower survival rate (percent to survive over the decade), and on average took significantly longer foraging trips than penguins who were tagged with an electronic tag. on 1) What are the cases in this study? What are the variables? Identify each variable as categorical or quantitative. 2) Is this an experiment or an observational study? Why? 3) The description above indicates that the scientists found a strong association between the type of tag and various measures, with the metal tagged penguins having less success. Can we conclude that the metal tag is causing the problems?

Detailed explanations are given below in the explanation section

Step-by-step explanation:

1) Cases:

100 penguins that were randomly assigned to two groups.

Variables:

Independent variables (Input variables):

i)Electronic tag

ii) metal strip tag for penguins.

Dependent variables (Output variables):

i) Survival rates

ii) number of chicks

iii) foraging trips

2) It is an experimental study

An observational study is a study where nothing changes and only the record of what is seen is documented, but an experimental study is where there are control and testable groups. In an observational study, the researcher has no control over the variable, but in this study, the researcher tagged the penguins with either a metal strip or an electronic tag, I.e. they have control over the input variables. This makes it an experimental study.

3)Yes, we can conclude that the metal tag is causing the problems

This conclusion is valid because:

i) The number of sample used I.e. 100 penguins is large enough

ii) The tags were randomly assigned to the penguins which eradicates any form of bias

iii) The experiment was carried out for a period of time i.e. 10 years sufficient to come by a reasonable conclusion.