(4.2.24) One design for a system requires the installation of two identical components. The system will work if at least one of the components work. An alternative design requires four of these components, and the system will work if at least two of the four components work. If the probability that a component works is 0.9, and if the components function independently, which design has the greater probability of functioning.?

The second design has a greater probability of functioning than the first one

Step-by-step explanation:

Probabilities

The probability that a component works is 0.9. We need to evaluate two options to find the arrangement that provides the greatest probability for the system to function.

The first option is to install two identical components and consider if at least one of them works, the system will work. Let's call W to the event in which one component works, and N if it doesn't.

Choosing two components, we can have the following outcomes

The first 3 of the outcomes will make the system work. Only the last one is not acceptable. Knowing the probability of the component to work is p=0.9, the negated probability is 1-0.9=0.1. The probability of NN is

Thus, the probability that the system works is 1-0.01=0.99 or 99%

Now for the second option, we have 4 components. There are 24 possible outcomes from which we can accept only those who have at least two W's, that is {WWNN,WWWN,WWWW} or any equivalent combination regardless of the order of appearance.

To calculate the probability of such arrangements, we'll use the binomial distribution formula

Where q=1-p, n=4 and k is the number of W in the combination. We have

The total probability is

P(WWNN,WWWN,WWWW)=0.9963=99.63%

The second design has a greater probability of functioning than the first one

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